Quote:Melanin Granules
*Zinc is the main element found bound to melanin, (a dark brown substance) in pigmented
cells and tissues of the skin, hair, parts of the eye, and certain nerve cells. Melanin is synthesized
and stored inside melanosomes (specialized organelles also referred to as melanin granules) of
melanocytes that are located in the epidermis and connective tissue of the skin (Borovansky J,
1994). Melanocytes transport melanin granules to parts of the eye and ear, and to certain nerve
cells of the brain. They also transport melanin to keratinocytes (karatin producing cells of the
skin) during wound healing. Melanocyte activity is influenced by environmental factors (eg: sun
exposure) and the pituitary hormone, alpha-MSH (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone).
Sunlight darkens existing melanin granules, causing increased pigmentation (tanning), and then
stimulates more melanin production (via the enzyme, tyrosinase). This creates a greater layer of
zinc-bound melanin granules within the skin to provide increased protection against oxidative
damage of the underlying tissues from further exposure to solar radiation. Dark-skinned
individuals have been found to have higher alpha-MSH activity and a greater ability to
accumulate melanin in melanocytes compared to fair-skinned individuals under the same conditions.
Dark pigmentation is known to be a strong defense against sun damage and the development
of certain skin neoplasms such as melanomas (Bandyopadhyay D, 2000). Zinc's antioxidant,
re-epithelialization, and proliferative regulatory properties within melanin granules help explain
this association (Borovansky J, 1994 & 1995). Numerous zinc-containing melanosomes are also
found in the choroid, iris, and retina of the eye, particularly in the retinal pigmented epithelium
(RPE) of the retina (Sarna T, 1992, Head KA, 1999). The delicate rods and cones (eye photoreceptors
that detect light and color), located adjacent to the RPE, also require high amounts of zinc to
provide protection against their oxidative damage and consequent apoptosis (Carmody RJ, 1999,
Hirayama Y, 1990). This is true of other cells high in zinc such as those in the prostate, brain, hair,
and inner ear (Karis A, 2001, McFadden SL, 1999, Shambaugh GE Jr, 1989).