My neighbors had an igloo dog house with some straw and a husky mix bitch tethered in the yard. She had puppies in January out there. I live in NE Ohio, and January can be -10 degrees F. In the day time. But they never brought the puppies in. The puppies survived until they were about six months old and two were slaughtered in the road one morning before I went to work. I took one of them and kept it until it was neutered and had its shots. I am not sure what happened to the fourth. But all puppies survived the winter.
The way I know that they had no bottom on that dog house was that one day in February, the wind picked it up and sent it over the drink (I have a ravine and a river out behind my house). I saw the bitch and pups with no shelter and went to look at what happened. I climbed down the ravine and hit some mud and was going into the river when I grabbed a tree and hang on for hours. No one would have found me out there. I live alone and my folks wouldn't have known I was missing or where I may have gone for at least a day. Finally I got the attention of the Amish neighbor working in his timber. I got my dogs to bark and that got his dog to bark, and I tried to make him hear me. Finally he did look over the ravine and went and got a rope. I climbed out. He asked if I wanted the dog house, and I told him yeah, he climbed down and got it.
Another February, many, many years ago, I went down into the drink and my boy, Frodo crossed the icy river to the other side. He did not want to cross back when I called him. Arwen was just a puppy. Finally I ordered him to come and he did and fell through the ice, and I went into the river after him. It was bloody cold. I could have been killed. But I ordered that dog to come and I wasn't going to let him die for obeying me. At the very end, after I got Frodo out, Arwen went in, and I scooped her out. When we climbed out of the drink I kenneled Arwen and Frodo and went and changed my clothes first. Then I took care of Frodo because he was in the icy river longest. Then I took care of the six-eight month old puppy. Well that was stupid. We were in the house a few hours later and she got up to come over to me, and her back legs just didn't work. I rushed her to the vet and explained, and they said, being a puppy, she did not have the layer of fat, and she got a little hypothermia. She was fine. But it scared the daylights out of me.
With a properly sized dog house (not too big) and some straw, I don't think it gets cold enough in Ohio to be dangerous to GSDs. Mine were out at -27 degrees F, and they were fine. And that was the coldest I have ever seen it here. We might see -10 degrees. PA is right next door, and I live near the lake so close to the most northerly part of PA. The dog is barking because he is outside alone when his pack is inside. He's lonely, or bored. We can make laws about tethering and even about putting a dog in under certain weather conditions (which I believe is absolutely wrong and I will explain), but we don't make laws against dogs being bored or lonely. A noise ordinance if you are with a city limits is probably as good as you can do.
As for requiring dogs to be inside under certain temperatures: A GR is a hunting dog. If you do not acclimate a hunting dog to weather, than how can you hunt with it? So we condemn a dog whose breeding is hunting to being a couch potato and never be used for what it was bred for because as humans we would be uncomfortable outside.
Oh yeah, last story I told more than once. I took Babsy to work with me every day for over a year. One day I had put her up in the back of my explorer while I ran back inside the building to do something. It was 50 degrees out, so I did not want her to get hot in an enclosed vehicle, so I had the windows half-down and the back of the explorer up.
Cops stopped and they were going to arrest me because 50 degrees is too cold for a GSD in a crate in the back of an Explorer. What a bunch of weenies. There were two of them, young men, they had no clue at all. She was better than fine. The lady cop, who worked at our building supplementing her pay when we had events, who was about ready to retire, came out and calmed them down and assured them the dog was fine, and I take great care of her. Until some fool suggests taking your dog away for some tom-foolery, you don't know how affected that suggestion can make you. 50 degrees, too cold! How do wolves survive in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norther Europe, Siberia, Russia? How do humans survive without instincts? Especially when too many do not have the brains they were born with.